Glial Modulation of Neuronal Activity
	Modulation of neuronal activity by glial cells.  Spike activity of an ON-type neuron is recorded with an extracellular microelectrode (at the right of the image) and is heard in the audio portion of the movie. A glial Ca2+ wave is initiated by advance of the micropipette at the left. The yellow disk (upper left) marks periods when a light stimulus is on. The red disk marks the initiation of the Ca2+ wave.  An increase in spike activity occurs as the Ca2+ wave reaches the neuron (marked by the open yellow circle). The movie is shown at normal speed.  Width of image, 290 mm.  From Newman and Zahs, J Neurosci., 18:4022-8, 1998.  QuickTime clip with audio (2.4 MB)